Here, too, we may or may not know who, if anyone, was the lead designer or if we can appropriately identify them under this title.  Nor may it be appropriate to isolate any one individual.  When no specific individual is identified, we take this opportunity to explore communities and civilizations that interpreted philosophical, cultural, and spiritual beliefs through landscape modifications, including the building of ancient cities.  For these locations, students may research a specific site within these settings.

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In our text, we begin to see the names of property owners, who could have tremendous influence on final designs or may even be identified as designers themselves.

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key places of interest

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Polis & Acropolis

Hippodamian Planning

Temples, Theaters, & Cemeteries

Greek Empire

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Athens

Delphi

Epidaurus

Miletus

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Empire: Hellenistic & Roman Urbanism

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Curetes Street: Ephesus, Turkey

Lion Harbor: Miletus, Turkey

Pergamum, Turkey

Florentia, Italy

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia: Praeneste, Italy

Ephesus, Turkey

Pompeii, Italy

Herculaneum, Italy

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Urban Gardens

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House of the Little Fountain: Pompeii, Italy

House of Pansa: Pompeii, Italy

House of Vettii: Pompeii, Italy

House of Octavius Quarto: Pompeii, Italy

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Italy's Ancient Villas & Grottos

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Villa Marittima

Villa Suburbana

Villa Urbana

The Grotto of Tiberius: Sperlonga, Italy

Hadrian's Villa: Tivoli, Italy

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